COVID-19 y leucemia/linfoma T del adulto, sinergia mortal / COVID-19 and adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma: a deadly synergy

La leucemia/linfoma T del adulto es una neoplasia maligna de mal pronóstico frecuente en población anciana. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 44 años de edad, de Ayacucho, diagnosticada con el subtipo linfomatoso de esta enfermedad e infección por virus linfotrópico T humano-I; mostró síndrome oclusivo de vena cava superior con tratamiento de quimioterapia sistémica bajo régimen de dosis ajustada con rituximab más etoposido, prednisona, vincristina, ciclofosfamida y doxorubicina. Posteriormente ingresó en emergencia por presentar dificultad respiratoria, tos seca, disminución de la conciencia, hipercalcemia, tomografía de tórax con patrón heterogéneo consolidativo en ambos pulmones y PCR en hisopado nasofaríngeo positivo a COVID-19. Recibió tratamiento de hidroxicloroquina, azitromicina, corticoides e ivermectina con pobre respuesta, rápido deterioro y fallece días después. La leucemia/linfoma T del adulto a edad temprana es rara y está relacionada con infecciones crónicas como strongyloides o tuberculosis, susceptible ante el padecimiento de COVID-19.

Adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma is a common malignancy with a poor prognosis in the elderly population. We present a 44-year-old woman from Ayacucho who was diagnosed with a lymphoma subtype of this disease and a human T-lymphotropic virus-I infection; she showed superior vena cava occlusive syndrome with systemic chemotherapy treatment under an adjusted-dose regimen with rituximab plus etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin. Subsequently, she was admitted to the emergency service due to respiratory distress, dry cough, decreased consciousness, hipercalcemia, chest tomography with a heterogeneous consolidation pattern in both lungs and positive RT-PCR nasopharyngeal swab test for COVID-19. She received treatment with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, corticosteroids and ivermectin with a poor response, rapid deterioration and died later. Adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma at an early age is rare and is related to chronic infections such as strongyloides or tuberculosis, susceptible to COVID-19.

Distribución geográfica y tipo de infección del virus linfotrópico T humano en pacientes peruanos 2019-2021

En el presente estudio describimos y caracterizamos la distribución geográfica de los casos positivos confirmados a HTLV-1 y 2 de pacientes peruanos con diagnóstico presuntivo entre 2019 y 2021. De un total de 555 muestras positivas confirmadas, 546 (98,4%) fueron HTLV-1 y 9 (1,6%) HTLV-2. Además, 22 de 24 departamentos del Perú presentaron casos de HTLV-1, siendo los principales motivos de solicitud de confirmación diagnóstica: aspirante a donar sangre con prueba de tamizaje reactivo, sospecha de leucemia/linfoma y paraparesia espástica tropical. Los resultados reflejan que la identificación de los puntos críticos constituye una brecha persistente respecto al diagnóstico, siendo cruciales para reducir el número de nuevos casos en Perú.

In the present study we describe and characterize the geographic distribution of HTLV-1 and 2 positive cases from Peruvian patients with presumptive diagnosis 2019 - 2021. Of a total of 555 confirmed positive samples, 546 (98.4%) were HTLV-1 and 9 (1.6%) HTLV-2. In addition, 22 of 24 departments of Peru presented cases of HTLV-1. The main reasons for requesting a confirmatory diagnosis being: aspiring to donate blood with a reactive screening test, suspicion of leukemia/ lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis. The results reflect that the identification of critical points constitutes a persistent gap regarding the diagnosis, being crucial to reduce the number of new cases in Peru.

Elderly people with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-associated myelopathy present an early impairment in cognitive skills / Idosos com mielopatia associada ao vírus da leucemia de células T humanas tipo 1apresentam comprometimento precoce em habilidades cognitivas

Abstract Background Cerebral changes occur in individuals with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1 )-associated myelopathy (HAM) and seem to predominate in subcortical areas. Little is known about the cognitive decline in the elderly living with HTLV-1. Objective To evaluate the cognitive aging of individuals infected with HTLV-1 aged ≥ 50 years. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of former blood donors infected with HTLV-1 who have been followed in the cohort of the Interdisciplinary Research Group on HTLV-1 since 1997. The groups of study consisted of 79 HTLV-1 infected individuals aged ≥ 50 years, with 41 of them presenting symptomatic HAM and 38 being asymptomatic carriers, and 59 seronegative individuals (controls) aged ≥ 60 years. All were submitted to the P300 electrophysiological test and neuropsychological tests. Results Individuals with HAM presented delayed P300 latency in relation to the other groups, and this latency delay increased progressively with aging. The performance of this group in the neuropsychological tests was also the worst. The HTLV-1- asymptomatic group performance was similar to that of the control group. Conclusions Individuals with HAM presented cognitive decline that progressed with aging and, although HTLV-1-asymptomatic carriers appear to present cognitive aging similar to that of healthy elderly people, concern about a subclinical cognitive impairment is warranted in this population.

Resumo Antecedentes Alterações cerebrais ocorrem em indivíduos com mielopatia associada ao vírus da leucemia de células T humanas tipo 1 (HTLV-1) (HAM) e parecem predominar em áreas subcorticais. Pouco se sabe sobre o declínio cognitivo em idosos vivendo com HTLV-1. Objetivo Avaliar o envelhecimento cognitivo de indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1 com idade ≥ 50 anos. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal com ex-doadores de sangue infectados pelo HTLV-1 acompanhados na coorte do Grupo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em HTLV-1 há 20 anos. Os grupos de estudo foram compostos por 79 indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1 com idade ≥ 50 anos, sendo que 41 apresentavam HAM e 38 eram portadores assintomáticos, e 59 indivíduos soronegativos (controles) com idade ≥ 60 anos. Todos foram submetidos ao teste eletrofisiológico P300 e testes neuropsicológicos. Resultados Indivíduos com HAM apresentaram atraso na latência do P300 em relação aos demais grupos, e esse atraso de latência aumentou progressivamente com o envelhecimento. O desempenho desse grupo nos testes neuropsicológicos também foi o pior. O desempenho do grupo HTLV-1- assintomático foi semelhante ao do grupo controle. Conclusão Indivíduos com HAM apresentaram declínio cognitivo que progrediu com o envelhecimento e, embora os portadores assintomáticos do HTLV-1 pareçam apresentar envelhecimento cognitivo semelhante ao dos idosos saudáveis, justificase a preocupação com um comprometimento cognitivo subclínico nessa população.

Impaired flexibility in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy: evaluation via pendulum fleximeter / Flexibilidade prejudicada em pacientes com paraparesia espástica tropical/mielopatia associada ao HTLV: avaliação via flexímetro pendular

Abstract Background Flexibility is crucial to the harmonious execution of joint movements. While skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients with HTLV-1 can interfere with mobility, it is unclear whether these patients experience reduced flexibility. Objective To evaluate the differences in flexibility between HTLV-1-infected individuals with and without myelopathy compared with uninfected controls. We also investigated whether age, sex, body mass index (BMI), physical activity level, or lower back pain influence flexibility in HTLV-1-infected individuals. Methods The sample consisted of 56 adults, of which 15 did not have HTLV-1, 15 had HTLV-1 without myelopathy, and 26 had TSP/HAM. Their flexibility was assessed using the sit-and-reach test and a pendulum fleximeter. Results No differences in flexibility were observed between the groups with and without myelopathy and controls without HTLV-1 infection using the sit-and-reach test. The pendulum fleximeter results of individuals with TSP/HAM presented the lowest flexibility among the groups with respect to trunk flexion, hip flexion and extension, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion, even after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, level of physical activity, and lower back pain using multiple linear regression models. Additionally, HTLV-1-infected individuals without myelopathy demonstrated reduced flexibility in movements: knee flexion, dorsiflexion, and ankle plantar flexion. Conclusions Individuals with TSP/HAM demonstrated reduced flexibility in most of the movements evaluated by the pendulum fleximeter. Additionally, HTLV-1-infected individuals without myelopathy demonstrated reduced knee and ankle flexibility, potentially representing a marker of myelopathic development.

Resumo Antecedentes A flexibilidade é fundamental para a execução harmoniosa dos movimentos articulares. Embora a disfunção do músculo esquelético em pacientes com HTLV-1 possa interferir na mobilidade, não está claro se esses pacientes apresentam flexibilidade reduzida. Objetivo Avaliar as diferenças de flexibilidade entre os indivíduos infectados com e sem mielopatia e o grupo controle sem infecção HTLV-1. Também investigamos se idade, sexo, índice de massa corporal (IMC), nível de atividade física ou dor lombar influenciam a flexibilidade em indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1. Métodos A amostra foi composta por 56 adultos, dos quais 15 não possuíam HTLV-1, 15 possuíam HTLV-1 sem mielopatia e 26 possuíam TSP/HAM. A flexibilidade foi avaliada por meio do teste de sentar e alcançar e do flexímetro de pêndulo. Resultados Não foram observadas diferenças na flexibilidade entre os grupos com e sem mielopatia no teste de sentar e alcançar. Os resultados do flexímetro pendular dos indivíduos com TSP/HAM apresentaram a menor flexibilidade entre os grupos em relação à flexão do tronco, flexão e extensão do quadril, flexão do joelho e dorsiflexão do tornozelo, mesmo após ajuste para idade, sexo, IMC, nível de atividade física e dor lombar usando modelos de regressão múltipla linear. Além disso, os indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1 sem mielopatia demonstraram redução da flexibilidade nos movimentos de flexão do joelho, dorsiflexão e flexão plantar do tornozelo. Conclusão Indivíduos com TSP/HAM demonstraram redução da flexibilidade na maioria dos movimentos avaliados pelo flexímetro pendular. Além disso, indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1 sem mielopatia demonstraram redução da flexibilidade do joelho e tornozelo, representando potencialmente um marcador de desenvolvimento mielopático.

Autoimmune manifestations in pediatric patients with human type I T - cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) infection / Manifestaciones autoinmunes en pacientes pediátricos con infección por virus linfotrópico humano de células T tipo I (HTLV-1)

ABSTRACT HTLV-1 is a retrovirus that has an impact on human health due to its T-lymphocyte tropism. It occurs worldwide, but is more prevalent in tropical regions. Although most infected individuals will remain asymptomatic, the infection may manifest with complications such as uveitis, myelopathy, and leukemia, among others. The diagnosis is a chieved by the detection of anti-HTLV antibodies and a confirmatory test (Western Blot or proviral load). Although there is no specific treatment, medical treatments are aimed towards the management of secondary diseases. Three cases are described of pediatric patients diagnosed with HTLV-1 infection and associated autoimmune manifestations.

RESUMEN El virus linfotrópico humano de células T tipo I (HTLV-1) es un retrovirus que causa impacto en la salud del ser humano debido al tropismo para infectar a linfocitos T. Está distribuido mundialmente, pero es más prevalente en regiones tropicales. La mayoría de las personas afectadas permanecen asintomáticas, sin embargo, al manifestarse puede causar complicaciones como uveítis, mielopatía y leucemia, entre otras. Su diagnóstico se hace mediante la determinación de anticuerpos anti-HTLV y prueba confirmatoria (Western Blot o carga proviral). No tiene tratamiento específico, las medidas están dirigidas a la prevención y el manejo de las afecciones secundarias. Se describen tres pacientes en edad pediátrica con diagnóstico de infección por HTLV-1 y manifestaciones autoinmunes.

Evaluation of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in patients with HTLV-1 / Evaluación de la infestación por Strongyloides stercoralis en pacientes con HTLV-1

Introduction: Individuals infected with the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) may present severe and disseminated forms of Strongyloides stercoralis infection with low therapeutic response. Objective: To investigate the S. stercoralis infection and the seroprevalence of IgG anti-S. stercoralis antibodies in individuals infected with HTLV-1 attending the Reference Center for HTLV-1 (CHTLV) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 178 HTLV-1-infected individuals treated at the HTLV specialized center between January, 2014, and December, 2018. The parasitological diagnosis of S. stercoralis was performed using the Hoffman, Pons and Janer, agar plate culture, and Baermann-Morais methods. The IgG anti-S. stercoralis detection was performed using an in house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The HTLV-1 infection was diagnosed using a commercial ELISA and confirmed by Western blot. Results: The frequency of S. stercoralis infection was 3.4% (6/178). Individuals infected with S . stercoralis from rural areas (50.0%; 3/6) also showed S. stercoralis hyperinfection (>3,000 larvae/gram of feces). The frequency of circulating anti-S. stercoralis IgG antibodies was 20.8% (37/178). Conclusions: HTLV-1-infected people living in precarious sanitary conditions are more prone to develop severe forms of S. stercoralis infection. Considering the high susceptibility and unfavorable outcome of the infection in these individuals, the serological diagnosis for S. stercoralis should be considered when providing treatment.

Introducción. Los individuos infectados por el virus linfotrópico T humano tipo 1 (HTLV-1) pueden presentar formas graves y diseminadas de infestación por Strongyloides stercoralis con poca mejoría terapéutica. Objetivo. Investigar la infestación por S. stercoralis y la seroprevalencia de IgG anti-S. stercoralis en individuos infectados por HTLV-1 atendidos en el Centro de Referencia para HTLV-1 (CHTLV), en Salvador, Bahía, Brasil. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal con 178 individuos infectados por HTLV-1 atendidos en el centro especializado de HTLV entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2018. El diagnóstico parasitológico de S. stercoralis se hizo mediante los métodos de Hoffman, Pons y Janer, cultivo en placa de agar y Baermann-Morais. Para la detección de IgG anti-S. stercoralis, se utilizó una prueba casera de inmunoabsorción ligada a enzimas (ELISA). La infección por HTLV-1 se diagnosticó usando un ELISA comercial y se confirmó mediante Western blot. Resultados. La frecuencia de infestación por S. stercoralis fue del 3,4 % (6/178). Además, los individuos infestados por S. stercoralis provenientes de la zona rural (50,0 %; 3/6) también mostraron hiperinfestación por S. stercoralis (>3.000 larvas/gramo de heces). La frecuencia de anticuerpos IgG anti-S. stercoralis fue del 20,8 % (37/178). Conclusiones. Las personas infectadas por HTLV-1 que viven en condiciones sanitarias precarias son más propensas a desarrollar formas graves de infestación por S. stercoralis. Teniendo en cuenta la gran vulnerabilidad y el resultado desfavorable de la infección en estos individuos, se debe considerar el diagnóstico serológico de S. stercoralis para administrar el tratamiento

Work ability and associated factors in people living with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1

ABSTRACT Background: Infection with the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) affects an estimated 10-15 million people worldwide. However, knowledge of the impact of HTLV-1 infection on work ability is lacking. This study aimed to measure the frequency and identify factors associated with poor work ability in patients living with HTLV-1. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 207 individuals infected with HTLV-1 who attended the University Hospital in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. HTLV-1 antibodies were detected in the participants' blood by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirmed by western blotting. Participants answered a questionnaire on sociodemographic data, personal habits, clinical data, health-related quality of life, and work ability, evaluated using the work ability index questionnaire. A Poisson regression model with a robust variance estimate was used to identify the factors associated with the prevalence of poor work ability. Results: Patients mean age was 55.2, ranging from 19 to 84 years, 73.0% were females, 100% had monthly family income less than US$ 394, and 33.8% presented HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). No individual was classified as having excellent work ability. Poor work ability prevalence was strongly associated (prevalence ratio; 95% confidence interval [CI]) with sedentarism (1.30; 1.03-1.65), neurological symptoms (1.25; 1.02-1.52), and low physical (0.95; 0.94-0.96) and mental (0.98; 0.97-0.99) component summaries of health-related quality of life. Conclusions: Poor work ability among people living with HTLV-1 is associated with sedentarism, neurologic symptoms, and low health-related quality of life.

Silencioso e negligenciado: o que se sabe após quatro décadas do descobrimento do HTLV-1? / Silent and neglected: what is known after four decades of the discovery of the HTLV-1? / Silencioso y descuidado: ¿qué se sabe después de cuatro décadas del descubrimiento del HTLV-1?

O vírus linfotrópico T humano tipo 1 (HTLV-1) foi o primeiro retrovírus humano descoberto, descrito pela primeira vez há 41 anos. Esse retrovírus está associado ao desenvolvimento de duas doenças graves: a leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (ATLL) e a mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP). Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as atualizações sobre o HTLV-1, destacando os aspectos clínicos, os avanços e as limitações no tratamento e na prevenção da infecção pelo HTLV-1. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa, por meio de coleta de dados nas plataformas PubMed, LILACS e SciELO, entre março e abril de 2021. Foram incluídos 61 artigos de diferentes países. O Brasil foi o país com maior número de publicações na área: 12. Os resultados obtidos mostram que existem avanços importantes no que diz respeito ao tratamento e à prevenção da infecção pelo HTLV-1. No entanto, a falta de estudos específicos sobre o vírus, que abordem os aspectos clínicos da infecção, foi um fator limitante para este estudo, o que reforça a necessidade de investimento em novas pesquisas sobre o tema.

The Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus discovered, described for the first time 41 years ago. This retrovirus is associated with the development of two serious diseases: adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP). This study aimed to analyze the updates about HTLV-1, highlighting the clinical aspects, advances, and limitations in the treatment and prevention of HTVL-1 infection. To this end, an integrative review was carried out, with data collection on PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO platforms, between March and April 2021. A total of 61 articles from different countries were included. Brazil was the country with the largest number of publications in the area: 12. The results showed effective advances regarding treating and preventing HTLV-1 infection. However, the lack of specific studies about the virus, which address the clinical aspects of the infection, was a limiting factor for this study, which reinforces the need for investment in new research about this topic.

El virus linfotrópico T tipo 1 humano (HTLV-1) fue el primer retrovirus humano descubierto y se describió por primera vez hace 41 años. Este retrovirus está asociado con el desarrollo de dos enfermedades graves: leucemia/linfoma de células T del adulto (ATLL) e mielopatía asociada a HTLV-1/paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las actualizaciones sobre HTLV-1, destacando los aspectos clínicos, los avances y limitaciones en el tratamiento y prevención de la infección por HTLV-1. Para ello, se realizó una revisión integradora, a través de la recolección de datos en las plataformas PubMed, LILACS y SciELO entre marzo y abril de 2021. Se incluyeron 61 artículos de diferentes países. Brasil fue el país con mayor número de publicaciones en el área: 12. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que existen avances efectivos en cuanto al tratamiento y prevención de la infección por HTLV-1. Sin embargo, la falta de estudios específicos sobre el virus que aborden los aspectos clínicos de la infección fue un factor limitante para el presente estudio, lo que refuerza la necesidad de invertir en nuevas investigaciones sobre este virus.

Impacto das medidas de restrição social da pandemia da COVID-19 na participação social de pessoas com HTLV-1: estudo transversal / Impact of pandemic social restriction measures of COVID-19 on the social participation of people with HTLV-1: a transversal study

| INTRODUÇÃO: O vírus linfotrópico de células T humana tipo 1 (HTLV-1) é classificado como retrovírus e pode estar diretamente associado às doenças neurológicas. Por ser uma doença negligenciada pelas autoridades sanitárias e governamentais num panorama mundial, ainda existe uma carência de evidências científicas que investigam o impacto do HTLV-1 no âmbito da participação social dessa população. OBJETIVO: Analisar o impacto da pandemia da COVID-19 na participação social de indivíduos com HTLV-1. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo observacional do tipo transversal realizado com indivíduos com HTLV-1 vinculados à Associação HTLVida. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevistas via videoconferência; a primeira entrevista teve como objetivo explorar as características clínicas e sociodemográficas dos participantes, já a segunda investigou a participação social dos indivíduos comparando dois períodos (antes e durante a pandemia de COVID-19), através da aplicação do Questionário de Integração na Comunidade (QIC). RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistados 11 indivíduos, com predominância do sexo feminino (72,7%), com mediana de idade de 57 (52- 66) anos. No que tange os resultados referentes à participação social avaliada pelo QIC, observou-se a manutenção do escore do domínio de integração no ambiente doméstico, uma diferença de 3.00 pontos no domínio de integração no ambiente social, uma diferença de 2.00 pontos no domínio de integração no ambiente do trabalho e escola, além de uma diferença de 6.00 pontos no escore total do QIC. CONCLUSÃO: Identificou-se uma diminuição da participação social de indivíduos com HTLV-1 durante a pandemia da COVID-19, quando comparado ao período prévio de início da pandemia.

INTRODUCTION: Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is classified as a retrovirus and may be directly associated with neurological diseases. As it is a disease neglected by health and governmental authorities in a world panorama, there is still a lack of scientific evidence that investigates the impact of HTLV-1 in the scope of the social participation of this population. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the social participation of individuals with HTLV-1. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a transversal observational study carried out with individuals with HTLV-1, linked to the HTLVida Association. The data collection was carried out through interviews in a videoconference. The first interview aimed to explore the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. In contrast, the second one investigated the social participation of individuals comparing two periods (before and during the COVID-19 pandemic) through the application of the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ). RESULTS: Eleven individuals were interviewed, predominantly female (72.7%), with a median age of 57 (52-66). About the results regarding social participation evaluated by the CIQ, was observed maintenance of the score in the domain of Integration in the home environment, a difference of 3.00 points in the domain of Integration in the social environment, a difference of 2.00 points in the domain of Integration in the work and school environment, and a difference of 6.00 points in the total CIQ score. CONCLUSION: A decrease in the social participation of individuals with HTLV-1 during the COVID-19 pandemic was compared to the period before the start of the pandemic.

Clinical profile of human T-lymphotropic virus type I: a forgotten infection in pediatrics / Perfil clínico del virus linfotrópico humano tipo I: una infección olvidada en pediatría

Summary The Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a retrovirus with oncogenic properties, affects around ten to twenty million people worldwide. The most common disorders associated with HTLV-1 infection are T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ALT) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Studies have reported other clinical manifestations in HTLV-1 seropositive patients, including inflammatory disorders, co-infections with opportunistic agents, and pulmonary diseases. Objective: Here, we aim to describe a cohort of juvenile patients with confirmed HTLV-1 infection that showed clinical manifestations other than neurological symptoms. Methodology and patients: Retrospective analysis of clinical data describing background and clinical findings of 12 juvenile patients with confirmed HTLV-1 infection, attended during January 2018 to February 2020 in a pediatric referral hospital in Cali, Colombia. Results: 11 out 12 patients were from Colombia´s Pacific coast, 10 suffered from significant nutritional deficiencies. Six exhibited dermatological findings, 3 compatible with infective dermatitis. None of the cases exhibited clinical or laboratory findings suggesting ALT or HAM/TPS. Eight patients had structural lung disease assessed by chest Computed Tomography (CT) scans; 4 of them tested positive for galactomannan antigen in bronchoalveolar fluid suggesting pulmonary aspergillosis, and 2 others exhibited a positive PCR testing for tuberculosis. Three patients were diagnosed with autoimmune disorders; 1 patient with Crohn´s Diseases, 1 case of autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, and a patient with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (non-granulomatous uveitis). Conclusions: There is a broad range of clinical manifestations in pediatric HTLV-1 patients, and the clinician should consider structural pulmonary disease, opportunistic co-infections and autoimmune disorders in the diagnostic algorithm.

Resumen El Virus Linfotrópico de células T humanas tipo 1 (HTLV-1), retrovirus con propiedades oncogénicas, afecta alrededor de 10-20 millones de personas mundialmente. Las manifestaciónes más comúnmente asociadas a HTLV-1 incluyen leucemia/linfoma de células T (ALT) y mielopatía asociada a HTLV-1/ paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP). Estudios han reportado otras manifestaciones clínicas en pacientes positivos para HTLV-1, incluyendo enfermedades inflamatorias, coinfecciones con gérmenes oportunistas y enfermedad pulmonar. Objetivo: es describir clínicamente una cohorte de pacientes pediátricos con infección por HTLV-1 confirmada que presentan manifestaciones clínicas diferentes a síntomas neurológicos. Metogolodía y pacientes: Análisis retrospectivo de historia clínica describiendo procedencia y hallazgos clínicos en 12 pacientes con infección por HTLV-1 confirmada, atendidos durante el periodo de Enero de 2018 a Febrero de 2020 en un hospital pediátrico de referencia en Cali, Colombia. Resultados: Once de 12 pacientes procedían de la costa Pacífica Colombiana, 10 con deficiencias nutricionales significativas. Seis mostraron compromiso dermatológico, 3 compatibles con dermatitis infectiva. Ningún paciente presentó hallazgos clínicos o paraclínicos sugestivos de ALT o HAM/TPS. Ocho pacientes presentaron enfermedad pulmonar estructural evidenciada por TAC de tórax; 4 de ellos con antígeno galactomanan positivo en lavado broncoalveolar, sugiriendo aspergilosis pulmonar, y otros 2 resultaron con PCR positiva para tuberculosis. Tres pacientes presentaron enfermedades autoinmunes concomitantes: uno con Enfermedad de Crohn, uno con Púrpura Trombocitopénica Autoinmune, y un paciente con Síndrome de Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada. Conclusiones: Existe un amplio rango de manifestaciones clínicas en pacientes pediátricos con HTLV-1, considerando enfermedad pulmonar estructural, coinfecciones oportunistas y enfermedades autoinmunes dentro del algoritmo diagnóstico.

Laboratory diagnosis of human T-lymphotropic virus in Brazil: assays, flowcharts, challenges, and perspectives

Abstract INTRODUCTION We present a data analysis and review of recent studies regarding the laboratory diagnosis of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) infections in Brazil. METHODS Target populations, available diagnostic serological assays (screening and complementary tests), molecular assays (in-house), causes of false-positive and false-negative results, and flowcharts were analyzed. RESULTS A table presents the target populations, two diagnostic flowcharts (depending on laboratory infrastructure and study population), and recent research that may improve how HTLV-1/2 is diagnosed in Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the implementation of public policies to reduce HTLV-1/2 transmission and its associated diseases.

HTLV-1 infection in acute t- lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma

Adult T- lymphocyte leukemia/ lymphoma (ATLL), described by Uchiyama et al. in 1977, is a distinct neoplasia of peripheral T-lymphocytes caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The authors describe the case of a 75-year-old female patient who presented with fever, chills, and altered mental status. The peripheral blood morphology showed large atypical lymphocytes with multilobed nuclei and flow cytometry consistent with ATLL. The authors discuss the pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and subtypes of ATLL in addition to the diagnostic approach using flow cytometry when bone marrow biopsy is not available and modalities of treatment.

Provirus Mutations of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in HIV-1-Coinfected Individuals

Provirus mutations of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), mostly the lack of the 5= long terminal repeat (LTR) genomic region, have been described and associated with severe adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), non-sense point mutations with low proviral load, and Western blotting indeterminate results. Until now, no information concerning provirus mutations of HTLV-2 and its consequences, as well as those of HTLV-1/2 in HIV-coinfected individuals, had been described. Therefore, we searched for these mutations in provirus samples of 44 HIV/HTLV-1- and 25 HIV/HTLV-2-coinfected individuals. Using protocols well established for amplification and sequencing of segments of the LTR, env, and tax regions, we searched for defective type 1 particles that retain LTRs and lack internal sequences and type 2 particles that lack the 5=LTR region. In addition, using as references the prototypes ATK (HTLV-1) and Mo (HTLV-2), we searched for point mutations in the LTR and synonyms and nonsynonymous mutations and non-sense mutations in env and tax regions. Defective HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 provirus type 1 or 2 was detected in 31.8% of HIV/HTLV-1- and 32.0% of HIV/HTLV-2-coinfected individuals. Synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations were identified mostly in HTLV-2 and associated with lower levels of specific antibodies. No non-sense mutations that resulted in premature termination of Env and Tax proteins were detected. On the contrary, mutation in the stop codon of Tax2a produced a long protein characteristic of the HTLV-2c subtype. The clinical significance of these mutations in coinfected individuals remains to be defined, but they confirmed the lower sensitivity of serological and molecular diagnostic tests in HIV/HTLV-1/2 coinfections. IMPORTANCE HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are endemic to Brazil, and they have different effects in HIV/AIDS disease progression. HIV/HTLV-1 has been described as accelerating the progression to AIDS and death, while HIV/HTLV-2 slows the progression to AIDS. Provirus mutations of HTLV-1 were implicated in severe leukemia development and in problems in the diagnosis of HTLV-1; in contrast, provirus mutations of HTLV-2 had not been confirmed and associated with problems in HTLV-2 diagnosis or disease outcome. Nevertheless, data obtained here allowed us to recognize and understand the false-negative results in serologic and molecular tests applied for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 diagnosis. Defective proviruses, as well as synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations, were associated with the diagnosis deficiencies. Additionally, since HIV-1 and HTLV-1 infect the same cells (CD4 positive), the production of HIV-1 pseudotypes with HTLV-1 envelope glycoprotein during HIV/HTLV-1 coinfection cannot be excluded. Defective provirus of HTLV-2 and Tax2c is speculated to influence progression to AIDS. (AU)

Influência de um protocolo de fisioterapia pélvica na função urinária e sexual de mulheres infectadas com vírus linfotrópico de células T humano tipo 1 / Influence of a pelvic physiotherapy protocol in urinary and sexual function of women infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da fisioterapia pélvica na função urinária e sexual de mulheres infectadas com HTLV-1. Métodos: Estudo quasi-experimental, com protocolo de 16 sessões em nove mulheres, que foram categorizadas em grupo sintomático e assintomático. Realizou-se teste de força muscular do assoalho pélvico com esquema PERFECT modificado, aplicou-se os questionários King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) e Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). O protocolo de fisioterapia pélvica consistiu em eletroestimulação do nervo tibial, eletroestimulação transvaginal e exercícios de cinesioterapia pélvica. Resultados: No grupo assintomático, segundo esquema PERFECT houve melhora da Endurance e Resistência do assoalho pélvico. No KHQ, verificou-se melhora geral no impacto da incontinência na qualidade de vida. No FSFI, houve aumento significativo no escore geral (p = 0,01), com influência nos domínios Desejo, Excitação, Lubrificação e Orgasmo. No grupo sintomático, o esquema PERFECT obteve melhora significativa em todos os domínios, assim como nos domínios de Limitação física, Sono/Energia e Medidas de Gravidade do KHQ e dos domínios de Desejo, Excitação e o Escore geral (p = 0,01) do FSFI. Conclusão: Sugere-se que o programa de fisioterapia pélvica aplicado melhorou a funcionalidade do assoalho pélvico, a qualidade de vida, reduziu os sintomas urinários e aprimorou a função sexual. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the influence of pelvic physical therapy on the urinary and sexual function of women infected with HTLV-1. Methods: A quasi-experimental study in 16 sessions with nine women, divided into a symptomatic and asymptomatic group. The muscle strength test was performed with modified PERFECT scheme and were applied the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). The protocol of pelvic physical therapy consisted of electrostimulation of the tibial nerve, transvaginal electrostimulation and pelvic kinesiotherapy exercises. Results: In the asymptomatic group, the main results in PERFECT scheme were the improvement of the endurance and pelvic floor strength. In relation to KHQ, we observed a general improvement in the impact of incontinence on quality of life. In the FSFI, there was a significant increase in the Overall Score (p = 0.01), with influence in the domains Desire, Excitation, Lubrication and Orgasm. In the symptomatic group, the PERFECT scheme obtained significant improvement in all domains. As well as in domains Physical Limitation, Sleep/Energy and Severity measures in KHQ and in domains Desire, Excitation and Overall Score (p = 0,01) of FSFI. Conclusion: The pelvic physical therapy protocol improved the pelvic floor functionality, quality of life, reduced urinary symptoms and improved the sexual function. (AU)

Balance assessment in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis

Abstract INTRODUCTION: A good rating of the device in people with HTLV-1 in this population is essential for accuracy in prescribing data (walking). Thus, this study aimed to analyze the counterpart assessment methods that are best suited to patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1 associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). METHODS: This cross-sectional study related stabilometric and kinematic variables of postural oscillations with Berg's balance scale (BBS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) in subjects with HAM/TSP compared to asymptomatic subjects. To assess the posterior and lateral postural projection, baropodometry and the Footwork® system was used, and the CVMob system was applied to kinematic parameters. The means comparison tests and correlations were applied with an alpha of 5%. RESULTS: Thirty-nine subjects (predominantly female) made up the sample. There was an increase in barodopometric oscillations, in the total oscillation area (p = 0.004), in the anteroposterior oscillation in the left (p = 0.015) and right views (p = 0.036), and in the lateral oscillation (p = 0.039) in the HAM/TSP group. Moderate correlations were found between oscillation baropodometry and the angular variation of the ankle, as well as with the BBS in the three angles and the TUG for lateral oscillation (p = 0.406). CONCLUSIONS: Each method has advantages and disadvantages, including cost accuracy. The best resources available at no additional cost for outpatient to use are the kinematic evaluation using a simple smartphone camera and free analysis software, and the TUG.

Benefits of inspiratory muscle training under indirect home supervision in patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 / Benefícios do treinamento muscular inspiratório sob supervisão indireta domiciliar em pacientes com vírus linfotrópico de células T humana tipo 1

Abstract Introduction: The presence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) associated with neuropathy (myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis - HAM/TSP), can generate morphological and functional changes in the respiratory system. As a preventive therapeutic possibility for respiratory dysfunctions, it is expected that the already conceptualized inspiratory muscle training, when performed at home, can be a therapeutic resource that favors adherence to treatment. Objective: To evaluate respiratory muscle strength in patients with HTLV-1 after participating in a home respiratory muscle training protocol under indirect supervision. Method: This was a clinical, longitudinal, prospective, quantitative, and single-center trial approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the State University of Pará, opinion no. 2.695.505 and registered in clinical trials NCT03829709. Six HTLV-1 patients participated in a 5-week home respiratory muscle training protocol lasting 30 minutes daily through a linear load inspiratory muscle trainer. For the characterization of the imposed load, they were submitted to manovacuometry during pre (T0), peri (T3), and post (T5) treatment. Results: Six individuals completed the program, of which 83.33% were female and 16.66% male. With the application of respiratory muscle training, it was possible to achieve a significant increase (p < 0.011) of the maximum inspiratory pressure as shown when comparing T0 (66.8±12.58) to T5 (115.08±31.78). Conclusion: This study identified an increase in inspiratory muscle strength after HTLV-1 patients participated in a home muscle training protocol under indirect supervision.

Resumo Introdução: A presença do vírus linfotrópico de células T humana do tipo 1 (HTLV-1) associado à neuropatia (Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/Mielopatia - PET/MAH) pode gerar alterações morfológicas e funcionais no sistema respiratório. Como possibilidade terapêutica preventiva para disfunções respiratórias, vislumbra-se que o treinamento muscular inspiratório já conceituado, possa a nível domiciliar ser uma ferramenta terapêutica que favoreça a adesão ao tratamento. Objetivo: Avaliar a força muscular respiratória diante de um protocolo de treinamento muscular respiratório domiciliar, sob supervisão indireta em portadores do HTLV- 1. Método: Estudo clínico, longitudinal, prospectivo, quantitativo e de centro único, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade do Estado do Pará, parecer no. 2.695.505 e registrado no Clinical Trials NCT03829709. Seis pacientes com HTLV-1 participaram de um protocolo de treinamento muscular respiratório domiciliar por 5 semanas com duração de 30 minutos diários por meio de um treinador muscular inspiratório de carga linear. Para a caracterização da carga imposta, os mesmos foram submetidos a manovacuometria, pré (T0), peri (T3) e pós (T5) tratamento. Resultados: Seis indivíduos completaram o programa, dos quais 83.33% eram do sexo feminino e 16.66% do sexo masculino. Com a aplicação do treinamento muscular respiratório foi possível obter um aumento significativo (p < 0,011) da pressão inspiratória máxima ao comparar T0 (66.8±12.58) ao T5 (115.08±31.78). Conclusão: Este estudo identificou um aumento na força muscular inspiratória após pacientes com HTLV-1 participarem de um protocolo de treinamento muscular domiciliar sob supervisão indireta.

Center of gravity oscillations in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis / Oscilações do centro de gravidade na mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/ paraparesia espástica tropical / Oscilaciones del centro de gravedad en la mielopatía asociada al HTLV-1/paraparesia espástica tropical

Abstract Introduction: Postural control in individuals with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is usually compromised, which increases the risk of falls, makes it difficult to perform activities of daily living, and impairs the quality of life. The profile of the center of gravity oscillations in this population is unknown and may aid in clinical follow-up and research. Objective: To compare the stabilometric values between HAM/TSP and uninfected individuals and verify the existence of correlations between stabilometric variables and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Method: A cross-sectional observational study was performed with infected individuals, classified as defined and likely (WHO criteria), compared to accompanying persons and seronegative relatives. A baropodometry platform (Footwork®) was used to obtain the oscillation values of the body's center of gravity in total oscillation area (TOA), anterior-posterior oscillation (APO) and lateral oscillation (LO). Mean values were correlated with BBS by Spearman's Correlation (5% alpha). Approved by the ethical committee of Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública under Opinion 49634815.2.0000.5628. Results: An asymmetric distribution of all the stabilometric variables analyzed in the HAM/TSP population was found, different from the uninfected group (p < 0.05). It was also possible to verify strong to moderate and inverse correlations between the variables of center of gravity oscillation with the scores obtained in BBS, especially for TOA and LO. Conclusion: People with HAM/TSP presented higher values for the center of gravity oscillations and these were correlated with the BBS in the balance evaluation.

Resumo Introdução: o controle postural em indivíduos com mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1 ou paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP) é geralmente comprometido, o que aumenta o risco de quedas, dificulta a realização de atividades de vida diária e prejudica a qualidade de vida. O perfil das oscilações do centro de gravidade nesta população é desconhecido e pode auxiliar no acompanhamento clínico e na pesquisa. Objetivo: comparar os valores estabilométricos entre pessoas com HAM/TSP e não infectados, e verificar a existência de correlações entre variáveis estabilométricas e a Escala de Equilíbrio Berg (EEB). Método: foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal com indivíduos infectados, classificados como definidos e prováveis (critérios da OMS), comparados com acompanhantes e familiares soronegativos. Uma plataforma de baropodometria (Footwork®) foi utilizada para obter os valores de oscilação do centro de gravidade do corpo em área de oscilação total (AOT), oscilação anteroposterior (OAP) e oscilação laterolateral (OLL). Os valores médios foram correlacionados com a BBS pela Correlação de Spearman (alfa 5%). Aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública sob o CAAE 49634815.2.0000.5628. Resultados: encontrou-se distribuição assimétrica de todas as variáveis estabilométricas analisadas na população com HAM/TSP, diferentes do grupo de não infectados (p < 0,05). Também foi possível verificar correlações de forte a moderada e inversas entre as variáveis de oscilação do centro de gravidade com os escores obtidos na EEB, especialmente para AOT e OLL. Conclusão: Pessoas com HAM/TSP apresentaram valores maiores para as oscilações do centro de gravidade e estas foram correlacionadas com a EEB na avaliação do equilíbrio.

Resumen Introducción: El control postural en individuos con mielopatía asociada al HTLV-1 o paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP) suele estar comprometido, lo que aumenta el riesgo de caídas, les dificulta en las actividades de la vida diaria y perjudica su calidad de vida. Conocer el perfil de las oscilaciones del centro de gravedad en esta población puede ayudar en el seguimiento clínico y la investigación. Objetivo: Comparar los valores estabilométricos entre personas con HAM/TSP y personas no infectadas, y verificar la existencia de correlaciones entre las variables estabilométricas y la Escala de Equilibrio de Berg (BBS). Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal con individuos infectados, clasificados como definidos y probables (criterios de la OMS), comparados a acompañantes y familiares seronegativos. Se utilizó una plataforma de baropodometría (Footwork®) para obtener los valores de oscilación del centro de gravedad del cuerpo en el área de oscilación total (AOT), oscilación antero-posterior (OAP) y oscilación lateral-lateral (OLL). Los valores medios se correlacionaron con la BBS por la correlación de Spearman (alfa 5%). Estudio aprobado por el Comité de Ética de la Escuela Bahiana de Medicina y Salud Pública bajo CAAE 49634815.2.0000.5628. Resultados: Se encontró una distribución asimétrica de todas las variables estabilométricas analizadas en la población HAM/TSP diferente en el grupo no infectado (p <0,05). También fue posible verificar correlaciones de fuertes a moderadas e inversas entre las variables de oscilación del centro de gravedad con las puntuaciones obtenidas en la BBS, especialmente para AOT y OLL. Conclusión: Las personas con HAM/TSP presentaron valores más altos en las oscilaciones del centro de gravedad, las cuales se correlacionaron con la BBS en la evaluación del equilibrio.

Diagnósticos de enfermagem em pessoas soropositivas pelo vírus linfotrópico t humano / Diagnósticos de enfermería en personas seropositivas por virus linfotrópicos t humanos / Nursing diagnoses in seropositive people by human t lymphotropic virus

Objetivo identificar diagnósticos de enfermagem em pessoas sintomáticas e soropositivas para o vírus linfotrópico T humano. Método pesquisa documental, realizada nos prontuários de pessoas soropositivas para o vírus linfotrópico T humano, cadastradas no Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento de um município do interior do estado da Bahia. A análise dos registros foi realizada com base na Taxonomia II da NANDA-I 2018-2020. Resultados foram identificados 13 diagnósticos de enfermagem distribuídos em 5 domínios: Conforto; Eliminação e Troca; Atividade e repouso; Autopercepção; Enfrentamento/Tolerância ao estresse. Os diagnósticos mais prevalentes foram: Dor crônica, em 21 (100%) dos soropositivos, Incontinência urinária em nove (43%), e Deambulação prejudicada em 8 (38%). Conclusão a identificação dos diagnósticos em pessoas sintomáticas e soropositivas para o vírus linfotrópico T humano fornece subsídios para a construção de planos de cuidados de enfermagem específicos.

Objetivo identificar los diagnósticos de enfermería en personas sintomáticas y seropositivas para el virus linfotrópico T humano. Método investigación documental, realizada en los registros médicos de personas seropositivas para el virus linfotrópico T humano, registradas en el Centro de Pruebas y Asesoramiento de un municipio en el interior del estado de Bahía. El análisis de los registros se realizó sobre la base de la Taxonomía II de NANDA-I 2018-2020. Resultados se identificaron 13 diagnósticos de enfermería, distribuidos en cinco dominios: Confort; Eliminación e Intercambio; Actividad y descanso; Auto-percepción; Afrontamiento/tolerancia al estrés. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron: Dolor crónico, en 21 (100%) de individuos seropositivos, incontinencia urinaria en nueve (43%) y deterioro de la ambulación en 8 (38%). Conclusión la identificación de diagnósticos en personas sintomáticas y seropositivas para el virus linfotrópico T humano proporciona apoyo para la construcción de planes específicos de cuidados de enfermería.

Objective to identify nursing diagnoses in symptomatic and seropositive people for the human T lymphotropic virus. Method documentary research, carried out with the medical records of people seropositive for the human T lymphotropic virus, registered at the Testing and Counseling Center of a municipality in inland Bahia state. The analysis of the records was performed based on Taxonomy II of NANDA-I 2018-2020. Results 13 nursing diagnoses were identified, distributed in five domains: Comfort; Elimination and Exchange; Activity and rest; Self-perception; Coping/Stress Tolerance. The most prevalent diagnoses were: Chronic Pain, in 21 (100%) of seropositive individuals, urinary incontinence in nine (43%), and Impaired ambulation in 8 (38%). Conclusion the identification of diagnoses in symptomatic and seropositive people for the human T lymphotropic virus provides support for the construction of specific nursing care plans.

Memory impairment: an intermediate clinical syndrome symptom in HTLV-1-infected patients? / Comprometimento da memória: um sintoma de síndrome clínica intermediária em pacientes infectados pelo HTLV-1?

Background Although classical human T-cell lymphocyte virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis syndrome is the most frequent HTLV-1-associated neurological disorder, some "minor" neurological disorders can be seen in "asymptomatic" carriers. These disorders, including cognitive alterations already described in clinical cases and studies, may constitute an intermediate syndrome (IMS) between the asymptomatic state and myelopathy. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of cognitive deficits in patients with HTLV-1 virus, who usually are diagnosed as asymptomatic. Methods A total of 54 HTLV-1-infected patients were evaluated, 35 asymptomatic and 19 with minor neurological alterations (evaluated by a neurologist); 25 HTLV-1-seronegative individuals served as controls. The instruments used were: Beck's Depression Inventory, Lawton's Daily Life Activity Scale, and a complete neuropsychological battery. The application of these evaluation instruments was performed blindly, with the evaluator neuropsychologist not knowing the clinical condition of the patient. Results Most of the participants in this cohort, including seronegative controls, were female (n = 57, 72.21%), their mean age was 52.34 years (SD = 14.29) and their average schooling was 9.70 years (SD = 4.11). Discussion Participants classified with IMS had lower gross scores when compared with both the patients classified as asymptomatic and with the control group, and when tested for auditory episodic memory of immediate (p < 0.01), and late (p = 0.01), recall. Conclusion Patients with IMS presented with memory impairment when compared with asymptomatic patients and seronegative individuals; this is one of the symptoms that aids in the classification of the syndrome.

RESUMO Apesar da síndrome de HAM / TSP clássica ser a perturbação neurológica mais atribuída, alguns distúrbios neurológicos denominados "menores" são vistos em portadores "assintomáticos" de HTLV-1. Esses distúrbios, incluindo alterações cognitivas já observadas em descrições de casos clínicos e estudos, podendo constituir uma verdadeira síndrome clínica intermediária (SI) entre o estado assintomático e mielopatia. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a presença de déficits cognitivos em pacientes portadores do vírus HTLV-1 diagnosticados classicamente como assintomáticos. Métodos Foram avaliadas 54 pessoas, sendo 35 assintomáticos, 19 com alterações neurológicas menores (avaliados por um neurologista) e 25 HTLV-1 negativo. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Inventário Beck de Depressão, Escala de Atividades de Vida Diária de Lawton e uma completa bateria neuropsicológica. A aplicação destes instrumentos de avaliação foi realizada de forma cega, ou seja, a avaliadora não sabia a condição clinica do paciente. Resultados A maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino (n = 57, 72,21%), com idade média de 52.34 anos (DP = 14,29) e escolaridade média de 9.70 anos (DP = 4,11). Discussão Avaliando o desempenho cognitivo nos três grupos, foi possível observar que os participantes classificados com SI, apresentaram menores escores brutos, quando comparados, com os pacientes com classificação assintomática e grupo controle e, em relação à memória episódica auditiva de evocação imediata (p < 0,01) (p = 0,01) e tardia. Conclusão Diante dos resultados foi possível concluir que os pacientes com SI apresentam comprometimento de memória quando comparado com os outros grupos, sendo possível, ser este um dos sintomas para auxiliar na classificação da síndrome.

Prevalence of bowel symptoms in patients infected with human T-lymphotropic type 1 virus

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Bowel dysfunction is frequent in patients with spinal cord diseases, but little is known about the prevalence of bowel symptoms in human T-lymphotropic virus-(HTLV-1) infected individuals. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of bowel symptoms in HTLV-1 infected individuals and their correlation with the degree of neurologic disease. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study comparing the frequency of bowel symptoms in HTLV-1-infected individuals* and seronegative donors (controls). Patients answered a questionnaire, the Rome III Criteria was applied, and stool consistency was evaluated by the Bristol Stool Form Scale. The individuals were classified as HTLV-1 carriers, probable HTLV-1 myelopathy and definitive HTLV-1 associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis (definitive HAM / TSP)**. RESULTS: We studied 72 HTLV-1 infected individuals and 72 controls with equal age and gender distribution. Constipation was the most frequent complaint, occurring in 38 % of HTLV-1 individuals and in 15 % of the controls. In comparison to the seronegative controls, the probability of constipation occurrence was approximately 18 times higher in definitive HAM / TSP patients. Straining, lumpy or hard stools, sensation of anorectal obstruction/blockage, fewer than 3 defecations per week, flatulence, soiling, evacuation pain, and bleeding were also more frequent in the HTLV-1 patients than in the controls. Moreover, bowel symptoms were more frequent in patients with definitive or probable HAM / TSP than in carriers. CONCLUSIONS: Bowel symptoms were more frequent in HTLV-1-infected patients than in seronegative controls and the frequency of bowel symptoms correlated with the severity of neurologic disease.